Reference Books
A Writer's Reference by 
Cite Right by Website
Primary sources, especially from older time periods are interesting to cite because you are rarely reading the original version (or original language), so you need to cite where you found the text (whether in a book or on a website)
In-text citation- use the name and author of the primary source in your writing and the author of the collection or translation in the parenthetical citation, preceded by "qtd. in"
The Code of Hammurabi asserts that "The first duty of government is to protect the powerless from the powerful" (qtd. in Bonhomme 67).
Works cited list entry- you only need to cite the larger site, book, or journal that contained the translation of your primary source.
Bonhomme, Brian. Milestone documents in world history : exploring the primary sources that shaped the world. Schlager Group, 2010.
Chicago has many different guidelines for citing primary sources published in other sources. Follow the link below to choose the format that works for your source.
The Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style is most commonly used in humanities disciplines such as English, foreign languages, literary criticism and comparative literature, and cultural studies.
| In-Text Citation for Direct Quotes | In-Text Citation for Information | Works Cited Page | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Journal Article | (Yodovich 872) | (Yodovich)* |
Yodovich, Neta. “Defining Conditional Belonging: The Case of Female Science Fiction Fans.” Sociology, vol. 55, no. 5, Oct. 2021, pp. 871–87. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520949848. |
| Journal Article with Multiple Authors | (Fulkerson et al. 532) | (Fulkerson et al.)* |
Fulkerson, Jayne A., et al. “Adolescent and Parent Views of Family Meals.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association, vol. 106, no. 4, Apr. 2006, pp. 526–32. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.006. |
| Book | (Golding 18) | (Golding)* |
Golding, Dan. Star Wars after Lucas: A Critical Guide to the Future of the Galaxy. University of Minnesota Press, 2019. |
| AI | ("In 200 words") | ("In 200 words") | “In 200 words, describe the symbolism of the green light in The Great Gatsby” follow-up prompt to list sources. ChatGPT, 13 Feb. version, OpenAI, 9 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat. |
*If you introduce the author(s) in the text, you don't need an in-text citation. For example, you could say, "Fulkerson et al. found that as a child ages, the frequency of family meals decreases."
Always check with your professor and syllabus for specific information on how you should use and cite AI-generated sources.
MLA does not consider Generative AI, like ChatGPT, as an author.
The American Psychology Association (APA) citation style is most commonly used in disciplines such as social sciences, business, nursing, and education.
| In-Text Citation for Direct Quotes | In-Text Citation for Information | Works Cited Page | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Journal Article | (Yodovich, 2021, p. 872) | (Yodovich, 2021) |
Yodovich, N. (2021). Defining conditional belonging: The case of female science fiction fans. Sociology, 55(5), 871–887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520949848 |
| Journal Article with Multiple Authors | (Fulkerson et al., 2006, p. 530) | (Fulkerson et al., 2006) |
Fulkerson, J. A., Neumark-Sztainer, D., & Story, M. (2006). Adolescent and parent views of family meals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(4), 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.006 |
| Book | (Golding, 2019, p. 20) | (Golding, 2019) |
Golding, D. (2019). Star wars after Lucas: A critical guide to the future of the galaxy. University of Minnesota Press. |
| AI | (OpenAI, 2023) | (OpenAI, 2023) | OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat |
*If you introduce the author(s) in the text, you don't need a full in-text citation, just the year in parenthesis after the author. For example, you could say, "Fulkerson et al. (2006) found that as a child ages, the frequency of family meals decreases."
Always check with your professor and syllabus for specific information on how you should use and cite AI-generated sources.
APA Style Simplified by The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) citation style is most commonly used in humanities disciplines such as history and the arts.
The examples below are for the Notes and Bibliography (NB) style.
| In-Text Note | Bibliography | |
|---|---|---|
| Journal Article | Yodovich, “Defining Conditional Belonging.” |
Yodovich, Neta. “Defining Conditional Belonging: The Case of Female Science Fiction Fans.” Sociology 55, no. 5 (October 2021): 871–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038520949848. |
| Journal Article with Multiple Authors | Fulkerson, Neumark-Sztainer, and Story, “Adolescent and Parent Views of Family Meals.” |
Fulkerson, Jayne A., Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, and Mary Story. “Adolescent and Parent Views of Family Meals.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 526–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.006. |
| Book | Golding, Star Wars after Lucas. |
Golding, Dan. Star Wars after Lucas: A Critical Guide to the Future of the Galaxy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019. |
| AI | Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, March 7, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat. | N/A |
Always check with your professor and syllabus for specific information on how you should use and cite AI-generated sources.
The Zotero tool is available for Mac, Windows, and Linux users. You can choose to download "Zotero for Firefox" which will link with your Firefox browser or download the "Zotero Standalone" option which will allow you to use the web browser of your choice. If you are using the Standalone client, first download Zotero and then add the appropriate browser extension for your prefered web browser.
Plug-ins for Word or LibreOffice are download separetly.
All downloading options are available from the Zotero.org website. Select your preferred client and browser extensions and start using Zotero today!
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